Modelling of Hybrid Meta heuristic Based Parameter Optimizers with Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Mammogram Cancer Detection

Breast cancer (BC) is the common type of cancer among females. Mortality from BC could be decreased by identifying and diagnosing it atan earlierphase. Different imaging modalities are used to detect BC, like mammography. Even withproven records as a BC screening tool, mammography istime-consuming and hasconstraints, namely lower sensitivity in women with dense breast tissue. Computer-Aided Diagnosis or Detection (CAD) system assistsaproficient radiologist to identifyBC at an earlier stage. Recently, the advancementin deep learning (DL)methodsareemployed to mammography assist radiologists to increase accuracy and efficiency. Therefore, this study presents a metaheuristic-based hyperparameter optimization with deep learning-based breast cancer detection on mammogram images (MHODL-BCDMI) technique. The presented MHODL-BCDMI technique mainly focused on the recognition and classification of breast cancer on digital mammograms. To achieve this, the MHODL-BCDMI technique employs pre-processing in two stages: Wiener Filter (WF) based noise elimination and contrast enhancement. Besides, the MHODL-BCDMI technique exploits densely connected networks (DenseNet201) model for feature extraction purposes. For BC classification and detection, a hybrid convolutional neural network with a gated recurrent unit (HCNN-GRU) model is used. Furthermore, three hyperparameter optimizers are employed namely cat swarm optimization (CSO), harmony search algorithm (HSA), and hybrid grey wolf whale optimization algorithm (HGWWOA). Finally, the U2Net segmentation approach is used for the classification of benign and malignant types of cancer. The experimental analysis of the MHODL-BCDMI method is tested on a digital mammogram image dataset and the outcomes are assessed in terms of diverse metrics. The simulation results highlighted the enhanced cancer detection performance of the MHODL-BCDMI technique over other recent algorithms

A prospective, open label, randomized study of efficacy of vitamin A as an add on therapy in the clinical outcome of tuberculosis patients

Background: Tuberculosis is the most prevalent infectious disease in the world. India accounts for nearly one fifth of global incidence of tuberculosis. If untreated the disease may be fatal within five years in 50-65 percent of cases. Many decades of research have shown that severe oxidative stress plays a significant role in tuberculosis patients. Moreover, the malnutrition which is commonly present in patient with tuberculosis can add to the impaired anti oxidant capacity. The present study was to investigate the effect of supplementation of vitamin A with standard treatment on the health status of newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients.Methods: Phase III, prospective, open, two arm parallel group, outpatient, randomized, active controlled study. Centre of the study was Tuberculosis clinic, Department of Internal medicine, Stanley Medical College Chennai.Duration of the study was for active drug therapy - 2 months, for follow up period - 4 months and for total period - 6 months.Results: In our study it was evident that there was a statistically significant improvement in the Karnofsky’s score, body mass index, mid upper arm circumference in the in the vitamin A supplementation group when compared to the control group at the end of 2 months and 6 months. And also, a statistically significant decrease in C.R.P. levels and E.S.R levels were also observed.Conclusions: This study shows that vitamin A as an add on therapy with regular anti-tuberculosis treatment improves the quality of life and decreases the disease activity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients to a greater extent than with routine standard drug therapy alone

A prospective open label study of efficacy and tolerability of topical tacrolimus in Vitiligo

Background: Vitiligo is a cosmetically and psychologically devastating clinical conundrum with various hypotheses of etiology inclusive of an immunological one too. Long term clinical visits, various adverse effects and cost of therapy are the major limitations of current treatment of vitiligo. Topical Tacrolimus which has been tried and found useful in various skin conditions with immunological basis was evaluated for its efficacy and tolerability compared with the available standard treatment of Topical Betamethasone.Methods: The study was done in the outpatient unit of Department of Dermatology, Stanley medical college, for duration of six months. Newly diagnosed vitiligo patients attending the outpatient clinic were taken for the study. A randomised, open labelled, comparative study of efficacy and tolerability of Topical Tacrolimus in vitiligo was done.Results: Early onset of repigmentation, higher mean repigmentation with no significant side effects systemically or topically were observed in the study group compared to the control group.Conclusions: This study shows that Topical Tacrolimus produces rapid and significant repigmentation with less significant side effects in vitiligo. Topical Tacrolimus is more efficacious and better tolerated than available standard Topical Betamethasone

VALIDATED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN PURE AND IN ITS DOSAGE FORM

Objective: A simple, economic, selective, precise, and accurate UV-Visible spectrophotometric method for the analysis of Chloramphenicol in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated in the present study. Methods: Based on oxidative coupling reaction with MBTH reagent at PH-4.5 which is extractable at 620 nm. The Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 1-6 ml (10-60 µg ml-1). Results: The RSD was found to be 0.0194% and recovery is 99.73%. The method was completely validated and proven to be rugged. The interferences of the ingredients and recipients were not observed. The repeatability and the performance of the proved method were established by point and internal hypothesis and through recovery studies. Conclusion: The method was found to be accurate and precise, as indicated by recovery studies close to 100 and % RSD is not more than 2. The summery of validation parameters of proposed UV-Visible method is given

VALIDATED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF CHLORAMPHENICOL IN PURE AND IN ITS DOSAGE FORM

A simple, précis, rapid sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of Chloramphenicol UV in pure form and its pharmaceutical formulations based on oxidative coupling reaction UV with MBTH reagent at P H-4 which is extractable at 620 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range 1-6 ml (10-60 µgml-1). The developed method was applied directly and easily for the analysis of the pharmaceutical formulations. RSD was found to be 0.0194 % and recovery 99.73%. The method was completely validated and proven to be rugged. The interferences of the ingredients and excipients were not observed. The repeatability and the performance of the proved method were established by point and internal hypothesis and through recovery studies.Keywords: Spectrophotometry, Chloramphenicol, MBTH, Oxidative coupling

STUDY ON RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE WITH BLENDED GGBS

Abstract With the rapid growth in construction activities, it is important to assess the amount of construction and demolition waste being generated and analyse the practices needed to handle this waste from the point of waste management and disposal and also with regard to waste utilization in concrete from the sustainability aspects. Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste constitutes a major portion of total solid waste production in the world, and most of it is used in landfills. Research by concrete engineers has clearly suggested the possibility of appropriately treating and reusing such waste as aggregate once again in concrete, especially in applications such as bed concrete and in road beds for pavement i.e. where works are of less importance as regards to the strength. The use of such waste as recycled aggregate in concrete can be useful for both environmental and economic aspects in the construction industry. In present study, five concrete mixes were used; first mix had only natural coarse aggregate and in remaining mixes natural coarse aggregate was partial replaced by 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% recycled coarse aggregate. In all the mix cement was replaced by 10% GGBS. Here an attempt is made to assess the strength and durability characteristics of concrete made using construction and demolition waste recycled coarse aggregate

Carbohydrate specificity and salt-bridge mediated conformational change in acidic winged bean agglutinin

Structures of two crystal forms of the dimeric acidic winged bean agglutinin (WBAII) complexed with methyl-α-D-galactose have been determined at 3.0 Å and 3.3 Å resolution. The subunit structure and dimerisation of the lectin are similar to those of the basic lectin from winged bean (WBAI) and the lectin from Erythrina corallodendron (EcorL). The conformation of a loop and its orientation with respect to the rest of the molecule in WBAII are, however, different from those in all the other legume lectins of known structure. This difference appears to have been caused by the formation of two strategically placed salt bridges in the former. Modelling based on the crystal structures provides a rationale for the specificity of the lectin, which is very different from that of WBAI, for the H-antigenic determinant responsible for O blood group reactivity. It also leads to a qualitative explanation for the thermodynamic data on sugar-binding to the lectin, with special emphasis on the role of a tyrosyl residue in the variable loop in the sugar-binding region in generating the carbohydrate specificity of WBAII

Plasmepsin inhibitors: design, synthesis, inhibitory studies and crystal structure analysis

Plasmepsin group of enzymes are key enzymes in the life cycle of malarial parasites. As inhibition of plasmepsins leads to the parasite's death, these enzymes can be utilized as potential drug targets. Although many drugs are available, it has been observed that Plasmodium falciparum, the species that causes most of the malarial infections and subsequent death, has developed resistance against most of the drugs. Based on the cleavage sites of hemglobin, the substrate for plasmepsins, we have designed two compounds (p-nitrobenzoyl-leucine-β -alanine and p-nitrobenzoyl-leucine-isonipecotic acid), synthesized them, solved their crystal structures and studied their inhibitory effect using experimental and theoretical (docking) methods. In this paper, we discuss the synthesis, crystal structures and inhibitory nature of these two compounds which have a potential to inhibit plasmepsins

Structural plasticity of peanut lectin: an X-ray analysis involving variation in pH, ligand binding and crystal structure

Until recently, it has only been possible to grow crystals of peanut lectin when complexed with sugar ligands. It is now shown that it is possible to grow peanut lectin crystals at acidic pH in the presence of oligopeptides corresponding to a loop in the lectin molecule. Crystals have also been prepared in the presence of these peptides as well as lactose. Low-pH crystal forms of the lectin-lactose complex similar to those obtained at neutral pH have also been grown. Thus, crystals of peanut lectin grown under different environmental conditions, at two pH values with and without sugar bound to the lectin, are now available. They have been used to explore the plasticity and hydration of the molecule. A detailed comparison between different structures shows that the lectin molecule is sturdy and that the effect of changes in pH, ligand binding and environment on it is small. The region involving the curved front β-sheet and the loops around the second hydrophobic core is comparatively rigid. The back β-sheet involved in quaternary association, which exhibits considerable variability, is substantially flexible, as is the sugar-binding region. The numbers of invariant water molecules in the hydration shell are small and they are mainly involved in metal coordination or in stabilizing unusual structural features. Small consistent movements occur in the combining site upon sugar binding, although the site is essentially preformed